周萧明
,
胡更开
复合材料学报
doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-3851.2004.06.026
提出了预测复合材料非线性电位移和电场强度关系的一种解析方法,该方法基于各向材料的割线介电常数,将非线性问题转化成一系列线性问题来求解.该方法适用于任意各向异性复合材料和组分材料的非线性性质,而常用的Stroud和Hui的模型只适用于各向同性复合材料和组分材料的弱线性.证明了本文方法具有Ponte Castaneda提出的变分结构.计算结果表明,当基体非线性较小时,本文模型的预测与Stroud和Hui的模型一致,但当基体非线性系数增大时,本文模型能给出合理的预测结果,而Stroud和Hui的模型则会超出基体和夹杂的性能范围.
关键词:
复合材料
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介电常数
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非线性
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割线方法
X.B. Tian
,
X.F. Wang
,
A.G. Liu
,
L.P. Wang
,
S. Y. Wang
,
B. Y. Tang and P. K. Chu 1)Advanced Welding Production & Technology National Key Laboratory
,
Harbin Institute of Technology
,
Harbin 150001
,
China 2)Department of Physics & Materials Science
,
City University of Hong Kong
,
China
金属学报(英文版)
The research on plasma immersion ion implantation has been conducted for a little over ten years. Much is needed to investigate including processing technlogy, plasma sheath dynamics, interaction of plasma and surface, etc. Of the processing methods elavated temperature technique is usually used in PIII to produce a thick modified layer by means of the thermal diffusion. Meanwhile plasma ion heating is more recently developed by Ronghua Wei et al[1]. Therefore the temeperature is a critical parameter in plasma ion processing. In this paper we present the theoretical model and analysize the effect of imlantation voltage, plasma density, ion mass,etc on the temperature rise.
关键词:
plasma immersion ion implantation
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null
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null
WEI Jihe Xi'an Institute of Metallurgy and Construction Engineering
,
China.
材料科学技术（英文）
The oxidation of alloying elements during the ESR of stainless steel has been studied. The model previously developed by WEI and Mitchell for the chemical reactions and mass transfer processes during ESR was applied to the remelting of the high Cr steel 1Cr18Ni9(Ti).The laboratory data for the unsteady state A.C.ESR were analyzed and dealt with by the model.When the remelting process reached a steady state,an oxidant(Fe_2O_3 powder)or a deoxidant(Ca-Si powder or metallic Ca)was added to the slag bath.The results showed that this model is applicable to the remelting of stainless steel rather precisely, and it is expected that the model may offer a reliable basis for the control of composition during practical ESR of high alloy steel. Also,the oxidation of Cr in the steel must be noticed when its content is high;but it is entirely possible to adjust the Cr content of ingot within a considerable range,using a special technique by means of the slag-metal reactions during the remelting.
关键词:
ESR
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null
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null
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null
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金属学报(英文版)
桑危郑牛樱裕桑牵粒裕桑希巍。希啤。龋伲模遥希牵牛巍。桑危模眨茫牛摹。模眨茫裕桑蹋拧。拢遥桑裕裕蹋拧。裕遥粒危樱桑裕桑希巍。桑巍。罚保罚怠。粒蹋眨停桑危眨汀。粒蹋蹋希?##2##3##4##5INVESTIGATIONOFHYDROGENINDUCEDDUCTILEBRITTLETRANSITIONIN7175ALUMINUMALLOY$R.G.Seng:B.JZhong,MG.ZengandP.Geng(DepartmentofMaterialsScierce,ScienceCollege,NorthearsternUniveisity,Shenyang110006,ChinaMaruscriptreceived4September1995inrevisedform20April1996)Abstrac:Effectsofhydrogenonthemechanicalpropertiesofdifferentlyaged7175aluminumalloyswereinvestigatedbyusingcathodicH-permeation,slowstrainratetensionandsoon.Theresultsindicatethatboththeyieldstressandthepercentagereductionofareadecreasewithincreasinghydrogenchargingtime,andthedegreeofreductiondecreasesasagingtimeincreasesforthesamehydrogenchargingtime.Keywords:hydrogeninducedductile-brittletransition,7175aluminumalloy,mechanicalproperty,cathodicH-permeation1.IntroductionForalongtimehydrogenembrittlementproblemwasthoughttobeabsentinhighstrengthaluminiumalloybecausethesolutiondegreeofhydrogeninaluminumatcommontemperatureandpressureisverysmall.However,hydrogenembrittlementphenomenonwasfoundinaluminumalloyduringtheinvestigationofstresscorrosionandcorrosionfatigue[1-5].Therehavebeenonlyafewreportsofhydrogeninducedsofteningandhardening.Inthispaper,theeffectsofhydrogenonmechanicalpropertiesof7175aluminumalloywereinvestigatedbyusingcathodicalchargingwithhydrogenandslowtensiontests.2.ExperimentalProcedureTheexperimentalmaterialwas7175aluminumalloyforgingintheformofa43mminthicknessandwithcomposition(wt%).5.41Zn,2.54Mg.1.49Cu,0.22Cr,0.1Mn.0.1Ti,0.16Fe.0.11Si,balancedbyA1.Alloyplateof1.5mminthicknesswasobtainedbyhot(465℃)andtoldrollingto83%reductioninthickness.Thelongaxisofhydrogenchargedspecimensisalongtherollingdirection.Allspecimensweresolidsolutionedat480℃for70min,followedtyimmediatequenchinginwaterandthenagedat140℃for6h(A),16h(B)and98h(C).Thetreatmentof6hiscorrespondingtotheunderagedstate.16hthefirstpeak-agedstateand98hthesecondpeak-agedstate.Thespecimenswerepolishedsuccessivelyusingemerypaperbeforehydrogencharging.Thetensilespecimenswerecathodicallychargedina2NH_2SO_4solutionwithasmallamountofAs_2O_3forpromotinghydrogenabsorption,andwithacurrentdensityof20±1mA/cm￣2atroomtemperature.ThehydrogencontentanalysiswascarriedoutonanLT-1Amodelionmassmicroprobeafterthesputteringdepthreached8nm.Theioncurrentsofhydrogenandaluminuminvariousagedstateswererecordedunderthesamecondition.ThetensiletestswereperformedonanAG-10TAmodeltestmachinewhichwascontrolledbycomputer.3.ExperimentalResultsTheratioofioncurrentstrengthofhydrogentoaluminumisrelatedtohydrogenconcentrationinhydrogenchargedspecimen.TheresultswereshowninTable1Thehydrogencontentincreaseswiththeincreaseincharingtime.Ofthethreeagedstates,theunderagedspecimenhasthehighesthydrogencontent.Theratioofyieldstrengthofhydrogenchargedandunchargedspecimenschangeswithhydrogenchargingtime,asshowninFig.1Itcanbeseenthattheyieldstrengthofhydrogenchargedspecimendecreasewithincreasinghydrogenchargingtime.Atthesamechargingtime,theyieldstressdecreasestheleastinthesecondpeak-agedstate,anddecreasesthemostintheunderagedstate.Itindicatesthattheunderagedspecimenismostsensitivetohydrogeninducedsoftening,whichisconsistentwiththeresultsofanotherhighstrengthaluminumalloy[6].TherelativechangesoftheradioofreductionofareawithhydrogenchargingtimearesummarizedinFig.2,whereΨ￣0andΨ￣Harethepercentagereductionofareaofthesamplewithoutandwithhydrogenchargingrespectively.Theradioofreductionofareareduceswhenhydrogenchargingtimeincreases,andthedecreasingdegreeofreductionofareaincreaseswithincreasingagingtime,ie,,theunderagedstateisthemostsensitivetohydrogenembrittlement.4.DiscussionItisknownfromtheresultsabovethatcathodicalchargingwithhydrogenleadstotheobviousdecreaseinthetensilestrengthandplasticityThisisbecausealargeamountofsolidsolutionhydrogenentersthespecimenintheprocessofhydrogenchargingSolidsolutionhydrogenisliabletoenterthecentreofdislocationundertheactionofdislocationtrap,henceraisingthemovabilityofdislocation.Thereforethedislocationsinhydrogenchargedspecimenmoveeasierthaninunchargedspecimen.soresultinginthereductionofyieldstrength[7].Whendislocationstartstomove,thecrystallatticeresistance(P-Nforce)whichitmustovercomeisgivenby:whereμismodulusofshear,visPoissonratio,aisspanofslipplane,bisatomspanofslipdirection.Moreover.theotherresistanceofdislocationmotionmayarisefromtheelasticinteractionofdislocation,theactionwithtreedislocationandetc.,itcanbeexpressedasfollows:whereαisconstant,XisdislocationspanSotheresistanceofdislocationmotioncanbewrittenasfollows:Becausehydrogenatomsreducetheatombondingstrengthafterhydrogencharging,shearmodulusμdecreasesandresultsinthereductionoff,therebytheyieldstressdecreases.Asthecentreofdislocationistheseriousdistortionzoneoflattice.thestresscanberelaxedafterhydrogenatomstuffing,andthesystemenergydecreases.Thusthecentreofdislocationisastrongtrapofhydrogen[8].Therefore,amovabledislocationcaptureshydrogenandmigratestograinboundaries.phaseboundariesorsurfaceofthespecimen,promotingthecrackiesformationandgrowth,thuscausingthelossofplasticity.Sincethelocalenrichmentofhydrogenisrealizedbydislocationtransporting(inthestageofdeformation),thelargerthereductionofyieldstress.theearlierarehydrogenatomstransportedtotheplaceofenrichment.Inaddition,thedamageofatombondingstrengthinducedbyhydrogenmakesthefracturestressdecrease[9]:whereCHishydrogenconcentration.σ_thisfracturestrengthbeforehydrogenchargingandisfracturestrengthafterhydrogencharging.Eq.(4)showsthatthematerialsmaybefracturedatalowerstraini.e.,brittlefractureoccurs.5.Conclusions(1)Hydrogencontentofdifferentlyagedspecimensincreaseswithincreasinghydrogenchargingtimethecapabilityofthealloytoabsorbhydrogeninunderagedstateisthestrongest.(2)Theyieldstressaswellasthepercentagereductionofareaof7175aluminumalloydecreaseashydrogenchargingtimeincreasesundervariousagedstates.(3)Underagedstateismostsensitivetohydrogeninducedsofteningandhardening.(4)Anexplanationwasofferedforthephenomenonofhydrogeninducedsofteninginthestageofdeformation,andhardeninginthestageoffracture.REFERENCES｜｜1G.KKock,Corrosion35(1979)73.2M.K.TsengandH.LMarcus,Scr.Metall.15(1981)427.3PSFao.M.GaoandR.P.Wei,Scr.Metall.19(1985)265.4R.G.SongandM.K.TsengJ.NortheasternUniversity15(1994)5(inChinese).5R.K.Viswanadham,T.S.sunandJ.A.S.Green,Metall.Trans.11A(1980)85.6J.Liu,M.KTsengandB.R.Liu.NonferrousMiningandMetallrgy5(1989)33(inChinese).7LChen,WXChen,ZHLiuandZ.Q.Hu,InFrocofthe1stNationalConfonAl-LiAlloys(Sheryang.China,1991)p.328(inChinese).8Z.HLiuL.ChenW.XChenY.X.ShaoandZ.Q.Hu,InProc.ofthe1stNationalConfonAl-LiAlloys(Shenyang,China,1991)p.334(inChinese).9R.A.OrianiandF.H.Josephic,ActaMetall.22(1974)1065.##61G.KKock,Corrosion35(1979)73.2M.K.TsengandH.LMarcus,Scr.Metall.15(1981)427.3PSFao.M.GaoandR.P.Wei,Scr.Metall.19(1985)265.4R.G.SongandM.K.TsengJ.NortheasternUniversity15(1994)5(inChinese).5R.K.Viswanadham,T.S.sunandJ.A.S.Green,Metall.Trans.11A(1980)85.6J.Liu,M.KTsengandB.R.Liu.NonferrousMiningandMetallrgy5(1989)33(inChinese).7LChen,WXChen,ZHLiuandZ.Q.Hu,InFrocofthe1stNationalConfonAl-LiAlloys(Sheryang.China,1991)p.328(inChinese).8Z.HLiuL.ChenW.XChenY.X.ShaoandZ.Q.Hu,InProc.ofthe1stNationalConfonAl-LiAlloys(Shenyang,China,1991)p.334(inChinese).9R.A.OrianiandF.H.Josephic,ActaMetall.22(1974)1065.##A##BINVESTIGATION OF HYDROGEN INDUCED DUCTILE BRITTLE TRANSITION IN 7175 ALUMINUM ALLOY$$$$R.G.Seng: B.J Zhong, MG. Zeng and P. Geng(Department of Materials Scierce, Science College,Northearstern Univeisity, Shenyang 110006, China Maruscript received 4 September 1995 in revised form 20 April 1996)Abstrac:Effects of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of differently aged 7175 aluminum alloys were investigated by using cathodic H-permeation, slow strain rate tension and so on. The results indicate that both the yield stress and the percentage reduction of area decrease with increasing hydrogen charging time, and the degree of reduction decreases as aging time increases for the same hydrogen charging time.
关键词:
:hydrogen induced ductile-brittle transition
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null
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