近几十年来,超导磁体以其能够承受高电流密度而提供高场强、高均匀度或高梯度的磁场条件,已经在工业、医疗器械、大科学工程、能源、交通运输、电力系统和国防等领域获得了广泛的应用.在航天推进领域,为了进一步提高现有推进系统的综合性能和研制新型的高性能推进系统,通过磁约束和磁流体发电等方式,将化学能存储并以电能的形式转化为推进动能,从而达到优化推进系统能量配给的目标.目前国内外已提出多个基于电磁辅助机制的新型推进系统方案,超导磁体在其中发挥着关键的磁约束和实现能量转换的作用.本文较为全面地整理了近年来提出的能量旁路磁流体推进和空间磁约束电推进等两种典型电磁辅助推进系统的原理、结构和技术方案,分析了超导磁体的主要作用,以及超导磁体相应面临的关键技术问题和难点.
In recent decades,benefiting from high current density and excellent magnetic field conditions such as high field strength,high uniformity and high gradient,superconducting magnets already have a wide application in industry,medical apparatus,science,engineering,energy,transportation,electric power system and the defense fields,etc.In the field of aerospace propulsion,in order to further improve the comprehensive performance of existing propulsion system and develop new types of high-performance propulsion systems,through magnetic confinement and MHD power generation,part chemical energy stored in the form of electrical energy can be converted to the kinetic energy,and thus the propulsion system is optimized to achieve better energy distribution.In the world,several new propulsion system schemes based on electromagnetic auxiliary mechanism have been put forward.Superconducting magnet in these schemes plays a key function for magnetic confinement and energy conversion.This article gives a relative comprehensive introduction on the basic principle,structure and technical configurations of two typical electromagnetic auxiliary propulsion systems including the energy bypass MHD system and space electric propulsion with magnetic confinement.The main function of superconducting magnet in these two propulsion systems is analyzed,and the corresponding key technical problems and difficulties are concluded.
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