The work hardening of Hadfield manganese steel arises mainly form two causes;1)a large amount of twinning makes perfect dislocations or Shockley dislocations to be blocked at the coherent twin boundaries.2)the deformation leads to strong unsymmetrical distortion due to the occurrence of a large number gf Mn-C pairs or Mn-vacancy carbon-carbon cluster.It has been demonstrated by TEM observation and internal friction tests.As deformation pro- ceeds,the slip constantly accomodates twinning shear giving rise to stress relaxation.Thus, the Hadfield steel exhibits both rapid work hardening and good ductility.
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