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A type of rosin imidazoline (IM) has been synthesized using rosin acid and diethylenetriamine (DETA) as raw materials. The monolayers of IM were assembled on the surface of iron. The monolayers of the IM inhibitor were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical polarization curves and double-layer capacitance. Surface analysis was carried out to establish the mechanism of corrosion inhibition of iron by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy. The IM inhibitor showed good inhibition efficiency for iron in 0.1 m H2SO4. The inhibition mechanism of IM inhibitor was interpreted using molecular simulation. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.