综述了太赫兹QCL(THzQCL)有源区结构设计与制备、波导结构设计和频率控制3方面的基本原理及研究进展.THzQCL有源区薄膜厚度、组分和掺杂浓度的精确控制是材料制备过程的关键.通过提高注入电流和器件温度的稳定性可以有效减小THzQCL线宽和提高频率稳定性.随着器件功率和频率特性的提升,THz QCL将在通讯、成像和谱分析等技术领域获得广泛的应用.
参考文献
| [1] | Ferguson B;Zhang X C .Materials for terahertz science and technology[J].Nature Mater,2002,1(01):26. |
| [2] | (missing) .Wireless communication demonstration at 4.1 THz using quantum cascade laser and quantum well photodetector[J].Electronics Letters,2011(17):1002-1004. |
| [3] | Liu H B;Chen Y;Bastiaans G J et al.Detection and identification of explosive RDX by THz diffuse reflection spectroscopy[J].Opt Erpress,2006,14(01):415. |
| [4] | Shen YC;Lo T;Taday PF;Cole BE;Tribe WR;Kemp MC .Detection and identification of explosives using terahertz pulsed spectroscopic imaging[J].Applied physics letters,2005(24):1116-1-1116-3-0. |
| [5] | Seongsin M. Kim;Fariba Hatami;James S. Harris;Allison W. Kurian;James Ford;Douglas King;Giacomo Scalari;Marcella Giovannini;Nicolas Hoyler;Jerome Faist;Geoff Harris .Biomedical terahertz imaging with a quantum cascade laser[J].Applied physics letters,2006(15):153903-1-153903-3-0. |
| [6] | Tribe W R;Newnham D A;Taday P F et al.Hidden object detection:Security applications of terahertz technology[J].Proc SPIE,2004,5354:168. |
| [7] | Huang F;Schulkin B;Altan H;Federici JF;Gary D;Barat R;Zimdars D;Chen M;Tanner DB .Terahertz study of 1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine by time-domain and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy[J].Applied physics letters,2004(23):5535-5537. |
| [8] | Walther, M.;Fischer, B.M.;Ortner, A.;Bitzer, A.;Thoman, A.;Helm, H. .Chemical sensing and imaging with pulsed terahertz radiation[J].Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,2010(3):1009-1017. |
| [9] | Zhang L L;Zhong H;Zhu D C et al.Feature extraction without phase error for THz reflective spectroscopy[J].Sci China Inform Sci,2012,55(01):127. |
| [10] | Fitch M J;Osiander R .Terahertz waves for communications and sensing[J].Johns Hopkins APL Techn Digest,2004,25(04):348. |
| [11] | Dhillon SS;Sirtori C;Alton J;Barbieri S;De Rossi A;Beere HE;Ritchie DA .Terahertz transfer onto a telecom optical carrier[J].Nature photonics,2007(7):411-415. |
| [12] | Crowe T W;Globus T;Woolard D L et al.Terahertz sources and detectors and their application to biological sensing[J].Phil Transact Royal Soc A,2004,362:365. |
| [13] | Siegel P H .Terahertz technology in biology and medicine[J].IEEE Transactions Microwave Theory Techniques,2004,52(10):2438. |
| [14] | Smye SW;Chamberlain JM;Fitzgerald AJ;Berry E .The interaction between Terahertz radiation and biological tissue.[J].Physics in medicine and biology,2001(9):R101-112. |
| [15] | H.-W. Hubers;S. G. Pavlov;H. Richter;A. D. Semenov;L. Mahler;A. Tredicucci;H. E. Beere;D. A. Ritchie .High-resolution gas phase spectroscopy with a distributed feedback terahertz quantum cascade laser[J].Applied physics letters,2006(6):061115-1-061115-3-0. |
| [16] | HIROMICHI HOSHINA;YOSHIAKI SASAKI;AYA HAYASHI;CHIKO OTANI;KODO KAWASE .Noninvasive Mail Inspection System with Terahertz Radiation[J].Applied Spectroscopy: Society for Applied Spectroscopy,2009(1):81-86. |
| [17] | Zhong H;Redo-Sanchez A;Zhang X .Identification and classification of chemicals using terahertz reflective spectroscopic focal-plane imaging system[J].Opt Erpress,2006,14(20):9130. |
| [18] | Federici J F;Gary D;Barat R et al.THz standoff detection and imaging of explosives and weapons[J].Proc SPIE,2005,727:123. |
| [19] | IWAO HOSAKO;NORIHIKO SERINE;MIKHAIL PATRASHIN;SHINGO SAITO;KAORI FUKUNAGA;YASUKO KASAI;PHILIPPE BARON;TAKAMASA SETA;JANA MENDROK;SATOSHI OCHIAI;HIROAKI YASUDA .At the Dawn of a New Era in Terahertz Technology[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2007(8):1611-1623. |
| [20] | H. Yoshida;Y. Ogawa;Y. Kawai;S. Hayashi;A. Hayashi;C. Otani;E. Kato;F. Miyamaru;K. Kawase .Terahertz sensing method for protein detection using a thin metallic mesh[J].Applied physics letters,2007(25):253901-1-253901-3-0. |
| [21] | HAI-BO LIU;HUA ZHONG;NICHOLAS KARPOWICZ;YUNQING CHEN;XI-CHENG ZHANG .Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging for Defense and Security Applications[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2007(8):1514-1527. |
| [22] | TIAN Lu,ZHOU QingLi,JIN Bin,ZHAO Kun,ZHAO SongQing,SHI YuLei,ZHANG CunLin.Optical property and spectroscopy studies on the selected lubricating oil in the terahertz range[J].中国科学G辑（英文版）,2009(12):1938-1943. |
| [23] | 张存林.太赫兹感测与成像[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2008 |
| [24] | Lee A W M;Williams B S;Kumar S et al.Real-time imaging using a 4.3-THz quantum cascade laser and a 320/spl times/240 microbolometer focal-plane array[J].IEEE Photonics Techn Lett,2006,18(13):1415. |
| [25] | Hu Q .Terahertz quantum cascade lasers and real-time Trays imaging at video rate[J].Int High Speed Electron Systems,2010,18(04):983. |
| [26] | Bradley Bowden;James A. Harrington;Oleg Mitrofanov .Silver/polystyrene-coated hollow glass waveguides for the transmission of terahertz radiation[J].Optics Letters,2007(20):2945-2947. |
| [27] | Williams B S .Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers[J].Nature Photonics,2007,1(09):517. |
| [28] | Andriy A. Danylov;Jerry Waldman;Thomas M. Goyette;Andrew J. Gatesman;Robert H. Giles;Kurt J. Linden;William R. Neal;William E. Nixon;Michael C. Wanke;John L. Reno .Transformation of the multimode terahertz quantum cascade laser beam into a Gaussian, using a hollow dielectric waveguide[J].Applied optics,2007(22):5051-5055. |
| [29] | K(o)hler R;Tredicucci A;Beltram F et al.Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser[J].NATURE,2002,417(6885):156. |
| [30] | Jerome F;Capasso F;Sirtori C et al.Quantum cascade laser[J].SCIENCE,1994,264(5158):553. |
| [31] | Beere HE;Fowler JC;Alton J;Linfield EH;Ritchie DA;Kohler R;Tredicucci A;Scalari G;Ajili L;Faist J .MBE growth of terahertz quantum cascade lasers[J].Journal of Crystal Growth,2005(1/4):756-764. |
| [32] | Jovanovic VD;Hofling S;Indjin D;Vukmirovic N;Ikonic Z;Harrison P;Reithmaier JP;Forchel A .Influence of doping density on electron dynamics in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2006(10):3106-1-3106-9-0. |
| [33] | Hans Callebaut;Sushil Kumar;Benjamin S. Williams;Qing Hu;John L. Reno .Importance of electron-impurity scattering for electron transport in terahertz quantum-cascade lasers[J].Applied physics letters,2004(5):645-647. |
| [34] | Ban D;Wachter M;Liu HC;Wasilewski ZR;Buchanan M;Aers GC .Terahertz quantum cascade lasers: Fabrication, characterization, and doping effect[J].Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology, A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films,2006(3):778-782. |
| [35] | Sushil Kumar;Benjamin S. Williams;Stephen Kohen;Qing Hu;John L. Reno .Continuous-wave operation of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers above liquid-nitrogen temperature[J].Applied physics letters,2004(14):2494-2496. |
| [36] | Faist J;Aellen T;Gresch T.Progress in quantum cascade lasers[A].New York:Springer-Verlag,2008:171. |
| [37] | Miriam S. Vitiello;Gaetano Scamarcio;Vincenzo Spagnolo;Sukhdeep S. Dhillon;Carlo Sirtori .Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with large wall-plug efficiency[J].Applied physics letters,2007(19):191115-1-191115-3-0. |
| [38] | Scalari G.;Ajili L.;Faist J.;Beere H.;Linfield E.;Ritchie D.;Davies G. .Far-infrared (lambda similar or equal to 87 mu m) bound-to-continuum quantum-cascade lasers operating up to 90 K[J].Applied physics letters,2003(19):3165-3167. |
| [39] | Barbieri S;Alton J;Beere HE;Fowler J;Linfield EH;Ritchie DA .2.9 THz quantum cascade lasers operating up to 70 K in continuous wave[J].Applied physics letters,2004(10):1674-1676. |
| [40] | Hu Q;Williams B S;Kumar S et al.Terahertz quantum cascade lasers based on resonant phonon scattering for depopulation[J].Phil Transact Royal Soc A,2004,362:233. |
| [41] | Williams B S;Kumar S;Qin Q et al.Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with double-resonant-phonon depopulation[J].Applied Physics Letters,2006,88:261101. |
| [42] | Amanti M I;Scalari G;Terazzi R et al.Bound-to-continuum terahertz quantum cascade laser with a single-quantum-well phonon extraction/injection stage[J].NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS,2009,11(12):125022. |
| [43] | Rudeger Kohler;Alessandro Tredicucci;Cosimo Mauro;Fabio Beltram;Harvey E. Beere;Edmund H. Linfield;A. Giles Davies;David A. Ritchie .Terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on an interlaced photon-phonon cascade[J].Applied physics letters,2004(8):1266-1268. |
| [44] | Belkin M A;Fan J A;Hormoz S et al.Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with copper metal-metal waveguides operating up to 178 K[J].Opt Erpress,2008,16(05):3242. |
| [45] | Martl M;Darmo J;Deutsch C et al.Gain and losses in THz quantum cascade laser with metal-metal waveguide[J].Opt Erpress,2011,19(02):733. |
| [46] | Alan Wei Min Lee;Qi Qin;Sushil Kumar;Benjamin S. Williams;Qing Hu;John L. Reno .High-power and high-temperature THz quantum-cascade lasers based on lens-coupled metal-metal waveguides[J].Optics Letters,2007(19):2840-2842. |
| [47] | Wang KL;Mittleman DM .Guided propagation of terahertz pulses on metal wires[J].Journal of the Optical Society of America, B. Optical Physics,2005(9):2001-2008. |
| [48] | Fan J A;Belkin M A;Capasso F et al.Surface emitting terahertz quantum cascade laser with a double-metal waveguide[J].Opt Erpress,2006,14(24):11672. |
| [49] | Ravaro M;Barbieri S;Santarelli G et al.Measurement of the intrinsic linewidth of terahertz quantum cascade lasers using a near-infrared frequency comb[J].Opt Erpress,2012,20(23):25654. |
| [50] | A. Barkan;F. K. Tittel;D. M. Mittleman;R. Dengler;P. H. Siegel;G. Scalari;L. Ajili;J. Faist;H. E. Beere;E. H. Linfield;A. G. Davies;D. A. Ritchie .Linewidth and tuning characteristics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers[J].Optics Letters,2004(6):575-577. |
| [51] | Mahler L;Tredicucci A;Kohler R;Beltram F;Beere HE;Linfield EH;Ritchie DA .High-performance operation of single-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers with metallic gratings[J].Applied physics letters,2005(18):1101-1-1101-3-0. |
| [52] | Barbieri, S.;Gellie, P.;Santarelli, G.;Ding, L.;Maineult, W.;Sirtori, C.;Colombelli, R.;Beere, H.;Ritchie, D. .Phase-locking of a 2.7-THz quantum cascade laser to a mode-locked erbium-doped fibre laser[J].Nature photonics,2010(9):636-640. |
| [53] | H. Richter;S. G. Pavlov;A. D. Semenov;L. Mahler;A. Tredicucci;H. E. Beere;D. A. Ritchie;H.-W. Hubers .Submegahertz frequency stabilization of a terahertz quantum cascade laser to a molecular absorption line[J].Applied physics letters,2010(7):071112-1-071112-3. |
| [54] | Danylov A .Frequency stabilization,tuning,and spatial mode control of terahertz quantum cascade lasers for coherent transceiver applications[D].Massachusetts:University of Massachusetts,2009. |
| [55] | A. L. Betz;R. T. Boreiko;B. S. Williams;S. Kumar;Q. Hu;J. L. Reno .Frequency and phase-lock control of a 3 THz quantum cascade laser[J].Optics Letters,2005(14):1837-1839. |
| [56] | 曹俊诚.半导体太赫兹源、探测器与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2012 |
| [57] | Enrico Bellotti;Kristina Driscoll;Theodore D. Moustakas;Roberto Paiella .Monte Carlo simulation of terahertz quantum cascade laser structures based on wide-bandgap semiconductors[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2009(11):113103-1-113103-9. |
| [58] | H. Li;J. C. Cao;J. T. Lu .Monte Carlo simulation of carrier transport and output characteristics of terahertz quantum cascade lasers[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2008(10):103113-1-103113-4-0. |
| [59] | Christian Jirauschek;Paolo Lugli .Monte-Carlo-based spectral gain analysis for terahertz quantum cascade lasers[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2009(12):123102-1-123102-5. |
| [60] | E. Dupont;S. Fathololoumi;H. C. Liu .Simplified density-matrix model applied to three-well terahertz quantum cascade lasers[J].Physical review, B. Condensed matter and materials physics,2010(20):205311:1-205311:18. |
| [61] | H. Yasuda;T. Kubis;P. Vogl;N. Sekine;I. Hosako;K. Hirakawa .Nonequilibrium Green's function calculation for four-level scheme terahertz quantum cascade lasers[J].Applied physics letters,2009(15):151109-1-151109-3-0. |
| [62] | Cho A Y;Arthur J R .Molecular beam epitaxy[J].Prog Solid-State Chem,1975,10:157. |
| [63] | Michel Rochat;Lassaad Ajili;Harald Willenberg;Jerome Faist;Harvey Beere;Giles Davies;Edmund Linfield;David Ritchie .Low-threshold terahertz quantum-cascade lasers[J].Applied physics letters,2002(8):1381-1383. |
| [64] | Faist J;Ajili L;Scalari G et al.Terahertz quantum cascade lasers[J].Phil Transact Royal Soc A,2004,362(1815):215. |
| [65] | Williams B S;Callebaut H;Kumar S et al.3.4-THz quantum cascade laser based on longitudinal-optical-phonon scattering for depopulation[J].Applied Physics Letters,2003,82:1015. |
| [66] | Williams B S;Kohen S;Kumar S et al.Terahertz quantum cascade lasers with metal-metal waveguides[J].Proc SPIE,2005,5738:170. |
| [67] | Waldman J;Danylov A;Goyette T M et al.Prospects for quantum cascade lasers as transmitters and local oscillators in coherent terahertz transmitter/receiver systems[J].Proc SPIE,2009,7215:72150C. |
| [68] | Svelto O.Principles of Lasers[M].New York:Plenum,1998 |
| [69] | Faist J;Gmachl C;Capasso F;Sirtori C;Sivco DL;Baillargeon JN;Cho AY .Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers[J].Applied physics letters,1997(20):2670-2672. |
| [70] | Benjamin S. Williams;Sushil Kumar;Qing Hu;John L. Reno .Distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers with laterally corrugated metal waveguides[J].Optics Letters,2005(21):2909-2911. |
| [71] | Jihua Xu;Joel M. Hensley;D. B. Fenner;Richard P. Green;Lukas Mahler;Alessandro Tredicucci;Mark G. Allen;Fabio Beltram;Harvey E. Beere;David A. Ritchie .Tunable terahertz quantum cascade lasers with an external cavity[J].Applied physics letters,2007(12):121104-1-121104-3-0. |
| [72] | Lukas Mahler;Rudeger Kohler;Alessandro Tredicucci;Fabio Beltram;Harvey E. Beere;Edmund H. Linfield;David A. Ritchie;A. Giles Davies .Single-mode operation of terahertz quantum cascade lasers with distributed feedback resonators[J].Applied physics letters,2004(26):5446-5448. |
| [73] | Danylov A A;Goyette T M;Waldman J et al.Terahertz inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging with a quantum cascade laser transmitter[J].Opt Erpress,2010,18(15):16264. |
上一张
下一张
上一张
下一张
计量
- 下载量()
- 访问量()
文章评分
- 您的评分：
-
10%
-
20%
-
30%
-
40%
-
50%