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Yttrium oxide doped with europium has a great prospective for FED and PDP phosphor application. In present study, the precursor of yttrium oxide hydroxide nitrate nanorod, which was prepared via hydrothermal reaction route using PEG-6000 as template from the starting Y(NO3)3 and KOH reactant system, was used to prepare Y2O3:Eu3+ nanorod via a post annealing process during which the precursor with adjustable shape and size was transformed to final Y2O3:Eu3+ product. XRD, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and photoluminescence spectra (PL) were used to characterize the crystalline, morphology and luminescence properties of as-formed Y2O3:Eu3+ products synthesized at different post annealing temperatures, respectively. The results indicate that grain morphology of obtained Y2O3:Eu3+ product was nanorod with a mean diameter of about 40～60 nm and length of about 500～700 nm, the nanorod structure and morphology of obtained Y2O3:Eu3+ product maintained during post annealing process and the size varied slightly with different annealing temperatures. Pure cubic Y2O3:Eu3+ phase was formed and the size was the smallest at annealing treatment of 500 ℃. Under the annealing temperature below 500 ℃ its diameter increased with increasing annealing temperature, and remained in a stable size when the annealing temperature was above 500 ℃. The PL spectra of excitation spectra of Y2O3:Eu3+ product show that it exhibits excitation band located at about 395 and 468 nm, respectively. Above two excitation bands could be ascribed to the transition 4f-4f of Eu3+ ions in the Y2O3 host. On the other hand, the main emission peaks of the as-prepared products could be ascribed to the Eu3+ ions transition from 5D0 to 7F2. Furthermore, the luminescent intensity was improved about three times when the annealing temperature increased from 500 to 1000 ℃.