以正硅酸乙酯为先驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备SiO2溶胶,将其与Al2O3纤维复合,经超临界流体干燥技术制得SiO2气凝胶复合绝热材料.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压力试验机、平板导热仪等测试手段对样品的微观形貌、抗压强度以及热导率等进行了研究.讨论了材料的绝热机理,并对进一步降低SiO2气凝胶热导率的途径进行了概述.结果表明:添加Al2O3纤维能够明显增强SiO2气凝胶的综合力学性能；经过1000℃热处理的复合材料仍保持SiO2气凝胶的纳米多孔结构,这赋予复合材料优异的绝热特性.当Al2O3纤维添加量为8％(质量分数)左右时,可使复合材料同时具有较低的热导率(λ=0.051 W/(m·K),298 K)和较高的抗压强度(δbc=1.977 MPa).
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