氧化硅气凝胶具有极低的热导率和密度,可作为很好的隔热材料,而脆弱的力学性能限制了其在隔热领域的应用.在不影响隔热效果的前提下,通过复合陶瓷纤维可增加氧化硅气凝胶的强度及韧性.试验探索了陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶在室温下的拉伸、压缩和剪切等基本力学性能,分别研究了300℃、600℃和900℃下复合材料纤维铺层面方向的压缩性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜对高温试样微观结构进行了观察分析.结果表明:陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶的性能表现出方向性,弹性模量在铺层面内方向与厚度方向的数值最大相差约28倍,强度极限亦然;在室温条件下,复合材料的拉伸和压缩弹性模量不同,X、Y和Z方向拉伸模量与对应的压缩模量之比分别为1.60、1.83和0.56;高温下复合材料沿厚度方向收缩,收缩量随温度升高而增大,900℃下的最大收缩量可达10.8％;高温下复合材料铺层面内方向压缩性能随温度升高而增强.
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