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The energy band structure and optical properties of C-doped and C/H-codoped anatase TiO(2) are investigated using the first-principles based on density-functional theory. The obtained results indicate that the structure of C/H-codoping is more stable than that of C-doping. For C-doped anatase TiO(2), the band gap narrowing is small, and the high visible-light catalytic ability originates from the isolated C 2p states above the valence-band maximum. With the same carbon doping level, the C/H-codoping produces significant bandgap narrowing, which leads to higher visible-light photocatalytic efficiency than the C-doping does. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3646328]