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A floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition method was developed for the synthesis of quasi-one-dimensional (1D) boron nitride (BN) nanostructures. By carefully tuning the experimental parameters such as growth temperature, floating catalyst concentration, and boron precursor, high quality 1D BN nanostructures including nanotubes, nanobamboos, and nanowires were selectively produced. The microstructures of the obtained 1D BN nanomaterials were characterized, and it was found that the nanostructures are composed of hexagonal BN phase with (002) planes stacking in different manners. A growth mechanism of the BN nanostructures was proposed based on the analysis of their structural characteristics and growth conditions.