食物是人类生存的重要保障,食品安全事关人类生命健康.食品污染始于农田耕地,还包括生产制造、包装、贮存、运输、加工等环节,每个步骤处理不当都可能发生食品安全问题.农田为食物来源的基石,是空气、水体中污染物的汇,随着城市的扩张,人类经济活动导致农田污染加剧.人类从食物中摄取污染物与经口、呼吸、皮肤的途径一样,是人体健康风险评估不可缺少的考量因素之一.我国对食品安全非常重视,2010年1月原卫生部根据《食品安全法》建立《食品安全风险监测管理规定》和《食品安全风险评估管理规定》(试行),这两份文件涵盖了从土壤到餐桌一系列的风险过程.但由于每个过程产生的原因、污染物影响机制均不同,规定离具体实际应用目标还很远.2014年环保部以保护生态环境,保障人体健康为根本,为加强污染场地环境保护监督管理,规范污染场地人体健康风险评估,发布了《污染场地风险评估技术导则》,该文建立了土壤污染造成人体健康风险评价的操作方法.然而导则考虑了经口、皮肤、呼吸及饮用地下水等9种暴露途径和评估模型,唯独缺少经食物链暴露这一重要途径的相关内容.本文以英、美两国食物链途径的场地污染风险评估为依据开展了详细探讨,深入分析了评估程序中关于土地利用方式的分类、目标人群暴露特征、污染物在食物链中传输路径、模型选取及暴露参数等内容,以期为我国制定《食物链暴露途径风险评估导则》提供一定的参考依据和指导方法.
Food is an important guarantee for the survival of mankind. Food safety is related to human life and health. Food contamination begins in arable farmland, including manufacturing, packaging, storage, transportation, processing and other sectors. Food safety problems are likely to occur at each step of the improper handling. Farmland as the cornerstone of a food supply source is the pool of other pollutants from air, water, etc. With urban development, human economic activity leads to increased pollution to farmland. Pollutant exposure through food intake, justas ingestion through oral, respiratory, skin, should be given indispensable considerations in human health risk assessment. Food safety has now become a very serious issue. In January 2010 the former Ministry of Health established a “Food Safety Risk Assessment Regulations” ( Trial) according to“Food Safety Law”, which setup an overall process to assess food risk from the soil to table. But it was not into the details and thus difficult to put into practice. In 2014 Ministry of Environmental Protection issued a“Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites Technical Guidelines”, which provided detailed approaches on assessment of the human health risk caused by soil pollution. However, although the Guidelines considered exposure pathways like oral, skin, respiratory, drinking groundwater, food exposure was missing. In this paper, CLEA ( contaminated and environmental assessment ) of England and HHRAP ( human health risk assessment protocol for hazardous waste combustion facilities ) of America are discussed in?depth in order to provide a framework of “Food Chain Pathway Exposure Risk Assessment Guidelines”.
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