细化晶粒是改善材料性能的有效手段,传统的压力加工技术(如轧制、挤压、拉拔和锻造等)可以细化晶粒(微米量级).纳米结构金属由于具有很小的晶粒尺寸(20～500 nm)和独特的缺陷结构,从而表现出优异的物理力学性能.大塑性变形(SPD)具有将铸态粗晶金属的晶粒细化到纳米量级的巨大潜力,近年来已引起人们的极大关注.介绍了4种大塑性变形制备纳米结构金属的方法、原理、变形特点及应用,分析了纳米结构金属的强度和超塑性变形特征,以及当前研究中存在的主要问题,并对大塑性变形技术的应用前景进行了展望.
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