结晶包括形核、生长和成熟3个阶段.其中,形核是关键的第一步,是晶体生长和成熟的基础.形核理论研究一方面可指导结晶实验,提高结晶成功率;另一方面可丰富结晶理论.形核理论主要包括经典形核理论和现代两步形核理论.首先从热力学和动力学两方面详细阐述了经典形核理论,分析了其不足及修正结果.其次,从形核速率、计算模拟、理论研究及实验研究4个方面系统介绍了现代两步形核理论.最后,分析了二者的区别与联系.
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