Y型分子筛是催化裂化(FCC)的速率控制组分。 FCC过程中,催化剂在反应器和再生器中往往面临高温水蒸气存在的苛刻环境。因此,分子筛的热稳定性和水热稳定性是催化剂最为关注的性能之一。由于FCC原料中通常含有V、Ni、Na、Fe等不同数量的金属污染物,会对催化剂造成污染及钝化。进料中存在的卟啉类有机复合物持续不断的沉积在催化剂表面,由于含钒的有机金属卟啉化合物在反应中转化形成V2O5, V2O5在水热条件下形成H3VO4组分,在高温水热气氛下加速分子筛骨架结构水解,破坏了Y型分子筛的晶体结构,从而降低了催化剂活性,影响产品选择性。稀土Y型分子筛在FCC中扮演重要的角色,稀土交换分子筛可以提高催化酸性、裂化活性和热与水热稳定性。此外, Na在高温水蒸气条件下也会对分子筛结构造成破坏。一方面,钠能够中和Y型分子筛B酸中心,降低催化裂化活性；另一方面,水热条件下钠的存在会加速破坏Y型分子筛的结构。有关Y型分子筛结构破坏的机理解释较多,然而该过程的动力学研究鲜有报道。反应动力学不能提供一个直接的反应机理,但是任何反应机理的提出必须符合反应动力学的数据。本文采用离子交换法分别制备了一系列不同Na含量USY,不同稀土含量USY,以及含钠和稀土的USY分子筛,通过固相动力学模型考察了上述Y型分子筛水热结构破坏活化能的变化及钒对其活化能的影响。结果表明, Y型分子筛的结构破坏存在三种路径,分别是脱铝、脱硅和La–O键的断裂。钒加速了分子筛骨架水解速率；钒钠具有协同作用,同时存在时对分子筛破坏作用更加显著； NaOH的形成是速率控制步骤；稀土稳定了分子筛的结构,降低了分子筛的水热脱铝速率；钒与定位于分子筛小笼里稀土作用,破坏分子筛的[RE–OH–RE]5+的RE–O键夺取分子筛的骨架氧,导致骨架结构崩塌。由于稀土本身稳定了分子筛的结构,同时钒稀土作用时形成稳定的REVO4固定了钒的流动性,因此钒对REY结构的影响是几种因素相互叠加和抵消的结果。
A series of zeolites, including USY zeolites without sodium, Na‐USY at different Na contents, La‐USY with different rare earth (RE) contents and La‐Na‐USY with RE and Na were prepared by an ion exchange method. They were investigated to understand the activation barriers for the destruction of Y zeolite structure under hydrothermal treatment and the effect of V using the solid‐state kinetic model. The results showed that the pathways for Y zeolite destruction were dealumination, desiliconization and the disappearance of La–O bonds. Zeolites were destroyed by steam through acid hydrolysis, which was accelerated by V. In addition, Na and V exerted a synergistic effect on the framework destruction, and the formation of NaOH was the rate‐determining step. The presence of RE elements decreased hydrolysis and stabilized the structure of the zeolites. The interaction between V and RE destroyed zeolite structure by eliminating the stabilizing La–O [RE–OH–RE]5+bridges in the sodalite cages.
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