The effects of five chito-oligomers,from dimer to hexamer (chitobiose,chitotriose,chitotetraose,chitopentaose,chitohexaose) separated from chitosan oligosaccharides,on nuclear factor -kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway were investigated by using luciferase assay and laser scanning microscopy.The expression of NF-κd3 downstream genes (cyclin Dl,TNFa and IL-6) were tested by real time PCR.We found that all five chitosan oligosaccharides increased NF-κB-dependent luciferase gene expression and NF-κB downstream genes transcription,and the most significant were chitotetraose and chitohexaose.In addition,laser scanning microscopy experiments showed that chitotetraose and chitohexaose also activated the p65 subunite of NF-κB translocating from cytoplasm to nucleus,which suggested that they were the most potent activators of NF-κB signaling pathway.
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